Also, does this include SS and Medicare? If not, why not?
In a word, no, not welfare.
I see SS and Medicare differently. Even though they are not adequately funded they are, in principle, a benefit that has been earned/paid for in the form of payroll taxes by and for an individual. Welfare as in aid payments, is not paid for or ‘earned’.
That SS and Medicare have outlived their intended funding mechanism due in part to ever expanding life expectancy was a foreseeable issue that the wizards of smart who created failed to take into account (giving potentially a lot of credit there), and also since Congress has been raiding the SS trust fund for decades.
If I were in a position to, I would allow folks under a certain age, maybe 40-45 to opt out of SS, and would make no public replacement for folks younger than that (tax credits for retirement investments), consider a government insurance like FDIC coverage at banks if necessary - but folks over the opt out or cutoff age who have paid in should get the benefits they were promised.
SS is a nonviable Ponzi scheme that must end as it is unsupportable as it exists. SS currently consumes 1 out of every 4 dollars of Federal spending, almost $1T a year. Putting it into perspective, SS is the single largest line item in the Federal budget, 50% more than national defense spending, and more than 5 times all spending on Veterans' benefits.
Medicare/Medicaid are not what I consider to be semi-efficient uses of federal monies, they too constitute massive spending (5th largest line item). However, there are legitimate reasons for something like them to exist, in particular if I propose Obamacare was repealed.
I would look to put the 85% of the population who used to have the coverage they wanted or not (able to opt out) back out in the open market (but cross state lines and the other good ideas for improving health insurance), and look to use Medicare/Medicaid to provide coverage for those who want coverage but can’t get it and those currently eligible.
Collectively SS and Medicare represent half of all government spending, and they represent unfunded liabilities that range from more than $60T to as much as $120+T depending on whose numbers you use.
It is unsustainable.
‘Gimp